Taxonomic revision of the populations belonging to the Anthyllis hermanniae L. species complex (Fabaceae, Faboideae) of the Mediterranean flora is given. Two distinct species are recognized: A. hystrix (Willkomm ex Barceló) Cardona, Contandriopoulos & Sierra, restricted to Minorca (Balearic Islands), and A. hermanniae, widespread in the central and eastern Mediterranean area. Within A. hermanniae, seven new subspecies are recognized: subspecies hermanniae (northeastern Mediterranean area), subspecies melitensis (Maltese Archipelago, Malta), subspecies sicula (Italy, Sicily), subspecies brutia (Italy, Calabria), subspecies japygica (Italy, Apulia), subspecies ichnusae (Italy, Sardinia), and subspecies corsica (France, Corsica). Each of these new taxa is described and illustrated. A key of the surveyed taxa is provided.